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The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World Paperback – Illustrated, March 26, 2019
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“Persuasively argues that our society is suffering from the consequences of an over-dominant left hemisphere losing touch with its natural regulative ‘master’ the right. Brilliant and disturbing.”—Salley Vickers, a Guardian Best Book of the Year
“I know of no better exposition of the current state of functional brain neuroscience.”—W. F. Bynum, Times Literary Supplement
Why is the brain divided? The difference between right and left hemispheres has been puzzled over for centuries. Drawing upon a vast body of brain research, the renowned psychiatrist, author, and thinker Iain McGilchrist reveals that the difference between the two sides is profound—two whole, coherent, but incompatible ways of experiencing the world. The detail-oriented left hemisphere prefers mechanisms to living things and is inclined to self-interest, while the right hemisphere has greater breadth, flexibility, and generosity.
In the second part of his book, McGilchrist takes the reader on a journey through the history of Western culture, illustrating the tension between these two worlds as revealed in the thought and belief of thinkers and artists from the ancient to the modern, from Aeschylus to Magritte. He ultimately argues that, despite its inferior grasp of reality, the left hemisphere is increasingly taking precedence in today’s world—with potentially disastrous consequences.
- Print length616 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherYale University Press
- Publication dateMarch 26, 2019
- Dimensions8.5 x 5.6 x 1.6 inches
- ISBN-100300245920
- ISBN-13978-0300245929
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Editorial Reviews
Review
“Persuasively argues that our society is suffering from the consequences of an over-dominant left hemisphere losing touch with its natural regulative ‘master’ the right. Brilliant and disturbing.”—Salley Vickers, a Guardian “Best Book of the Year”
“A landmark. . . . It tells a story you need to hear, of where we live now.”—Bryan Appleyard, Sunday Times
“McGilchrist describes broad [intellectual] movements and famous figures as if they were battles and soldiers in a 2,500-year war between the brain’s hemispheres. . . . A scintillating intelligence is at work.”—The Economist
“A veritable tour de force, gradually and skilfully revealed. I know of no better exposition of the current state of functional brain neuroscience.”—W. F. Bynum, Times Literary Supplement
“Clear, penetrating, lively, thorough and fascinating. . . . I couldn’t put it down.”—Mary Midgley, The Guardian
“A seminal book.”—Ervin László, Huffington Post
“A fascinating book. . . . [McGilchrist] is a subtle and clever thinker, and unusually qualified to range with such authority over so many different domains of knowledge.”—Harry Eyres, Financial Times
Winner of the Scientific and Medical Network Book Prize 2009
Shortlisted for the Bristol Festival of Ideas Book Prize 2010
Longlisted for the Royal Society Book Prize 2010
“A profound examination.”—Philip Pullman
“Iain McGilchrist’s ideas about human capabilities are among the most provocative I’ve encountered—and I mean provocative in a positive sense.”—Howard Gardner
“A dazzling masterpiece . . . comprehensive and profound.”—Norman Doidge
“A marvellous and highly original synthesis of ideas on how the division of labour between the two brain hemispheres can provide key insights into human nature.”—V. S. Ramachandran
“Unbelievably rich. . . . Of absolutely crucial cultural and intellectual importance.”—Louis Sass
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Yale University Press; Second Edition, New Expanded (March 26, 2019)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 616 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0300245920
- ISBN-13 : 978-0300245929
- Item Weight : 1.8 pounds
- Dimensions : 8.5 x 5.6 x 1.6 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #13,345 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #14 in Medical Cognitive Psychology
- #17 in Popular Neuropsychology
- #38 in Cognitive Psychology (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Dr Iain McGilchrist is a psychiatrist, neuroscience researcher, philosopher and literary scholar. He is a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and former Consultant Psychiatrist and Clinical Director at the Bethlem Royal & Maudsley Hospital, London.
He has been a Research Fellow in neuroimaging at Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore and a Fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies in Stellenbosch. He has published original articles and research papers in a wide range of publications on topics in literature, philosophy, medicine and psychiatry.
He is the author of a number of books, but is best-known for The Master and his Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World (Yale 2009), and The Matter with Things: Our Brains, Our Delusions and the Unmaking of the World (Perspective 2021).
He lives on the Isle of Skye, has two daughters and a son, and now grandchildren.
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Customers find the book well-written and insightful, describing it as a mind-stretching read that offers a fresh perspective on understanding oneself.
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Customers find the book well-written and easy to read, describing it as an excellent treatise.
"...It sees the gestalt and the wholeness; it tolerates ambiguity and the unknown...." Read more
"...vast knowledge of Philosophy, Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics and Music & Art into a very insightful and thought provoking thesis..." Read more
"...Second, his writing is very clear and so far easy to follow...." Read more
"...The Master and his Emissary is well-written text by an obviously educated author...." Read more
Customers find the book thought-provoking and insightful, describing it as a mind-stretching read that offers a wonderfully different perspective on understanding oneself.
"This book is simply extraordinary in its range and depth of human understanding, far beyond its biological thesis: a world treasure, I dare say...." Read more
"...While no doubt this book deepens our understanding of the brain and has vast implications for psychotherapy and the understanding of human psychology..." Read more
"...Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics and Music & Art into a very insightful and thought provoking thesis on the ongoing and "unconscious" battle..." Read more
"...McGilchrist is an extraordinary humanitarian, philosopher, scientist and healer...." Read more
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- Reviewed in the United States on March 2, 2025This book is simply extraordinary in its range and depth of human understanding, far beyond its biological thesis: a world treasure, I dare say.
For a game, I've found I can flip it open to ANY page and find outstanding, quotable insights in it. An outstanding example is his explication of the words of the most important (and difficult) of modern philosophers, for instance, are spot-on.
It's not for the casual reader. I find a paragraph or a couple pages enough to fill me up at any one time.
- Reviewed in the United States on December 18, 2010I agree with all the previous reviews of this remarkable book. As I was reading, I kept track of the specific elements of each of the hemispheres that McGilchrist cites in this well researched book. I thought I would share this with the readers:
A very partial summary of the nature of the left hemisphere could be as follows: it has an emphasis on doing, on things mechanistic, of the "whatness" of things; it is interested purely in functions and can only see things in context. The LH is not interested in living things. It does not understand metaphor and deals with pieces of information but cannot see the gestalt of situations. It recognizes the familiar and is not the hemisphere that attends to the "new", therefore it searches for what it already understands to categorize and nail down, often with (another of its characteristics) an unreasonable certainty of itself. Remember, it can't observe anything outside of its own confines. Since it prefers the known, it attempts to repackage new information (if unaided by the RH) as familiar - a kind of re-presenting the experience. It positively prefers (and defends!) what it knows! The LH tends to deny discrepancies that do not fit its already generated schema of things. It creates "a sort of self-reflexive virtual world" according to McGilchrist. Additionally, it is "regional" and focuses narrowly. The metaphor for its structure is vertical. It brings an attention that isolates, fixes and makes things explicit by bringing it under the spotlight of attention. It helps us to be grounded and "in life", looks for repetition and commonality between things without which we would drift and be unable to understand our experiences since all would be continuously new. It is efficient in routine situations where things are predictable. Without benefit of the RH (seen in studies of people with hemispheric damage, for example), it also renders things inert, mechanical and lifeless.. But it allows us to "know" and learn and make things.
The right hemisphere's emphasis is on process, on the "how", "the manner in which" or the "howness" as McGilchrist puts it. It is interested in "ways of being" which only living things have. I was amazed to learn that the RH does recognize one group of inanimate objects as belonging to the class of living entities, and that is musical instruments (!) It helps us resonate with other living beings and the natural world, seeing its ultimate interconnectedness. The RH can carefully see things out of their context, it is global rather than regional, is broad and flexible, and as mentioned above, understands metaphor. It sees the gestalt and the wholeness; it tolerates ambiguity and the unknown. Its structure metaphor is "horizontal"; it is spacious and helps us with enough distance so we can observe. In it, we experience the live, complex, embodied, world of individual, always unique beings, forever in flux, a net of interdependencies, forming and reforming wholes, a world with which we are deeply connected. The RH is responsible for every kind of attention: divided, vigilant, sustained, and alertness - except for "focused", the domain of the LH. It can direct attention to what comes to us "from the edges" of our awareness regardless of the hemisphere side. It alone detects new or novel experiences. It distinguishes old information from new better than the LH. Animals, like horses, perceive new and emotionally arousing stimuli with the left eye (which is governed by the RH). It is more capable of a frame shift; think "possibility"; it has flexibility when encountering the "new" and suppresses the immediate impulse to see it as "old". It actively watches for discrepancies, more like a "devil's advocate". It approaches certainty with caution and humility. It says "I wonder" or "it might be" when confronted with information. But it also, without the LH, would create an experience that was always unique, forever in motion and unpredictable. `'If all things flow, and there is never a repeated experience, then we can never step into the same river twice, and we would never be able to `know' anything." If nothing can ever be repeated, then nothing can be known.
Is the result of this growing LH dominance over the RH an increasingly dehumanized society where mechanism, bureaucracy, obsession with structure and with "what" predominates over a concern for living things and beings and their interconnectedness? You will be immersed in this question throughout this remarkable book.
While no doubt this book deepens our understanding of the brain and has vast implications for psychotherapy and the understanding of human psychology, it is far more than this. It isn't possible to read this book without a continuing awareness of our political system, the growing dominance of our corporations, the weak assumptions of war, and the uncomfortably growing sense of the "dehumanization" of our world.
- Reviewed in the United States on October 18, 2010Ian McGilchrist is the utlimate polymath. He combines his vast knowledge of Philosophy, Psychiatry, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics and Music & Art into a very insightful and thought provoking thesis on the ongoing and "unconscious" battle in our brain (or mind? or conscience?) between the right and left hemispheres. Very interesting is that Neuroscience has revealed that only 5% of our brain activity is conscious, the other 95% is unconscious. Obviously, Freud and Jung were right. The common layman's concept that the left brain governs logic and abstract thinking and that the right brain is the "home" of creativity and emotions clearly is overly simplistic.
Most revealing to me was the notion that the left hemisphere is inward oriented and focuses on what is already observed, processed, translated into symbols and abstract relationships, or in other words "known", while the right hemisphere is outward focused on the "unknown" or perhaps even "unknowable". This can be more simply stated that the right brain hemisphere is focused on the "presence", while the left hemisphere is focused on what is "re-presented". The left hemisphere's mode of operation is reductionism, and thereby looses inescapably the capability to see the "whole". Of the senses the left brain only processes vision, while the right processes all the sensory capabilities of the body. The left brain, paying attention only to itself, ignores the body. The left hemisphere only "sees" in the sense of observing, while the right hemisphere has the capability to see "through" things and develop a holistic view of reality. Language, being symbolic and sequential is a left hemisphere activity. Music, poetry (with its metaphors), Sculpting, Painting, Architecture, etc. being holistic, contextual, ambiguous and non-sequential are right hemisphere attributes. The left brain is focused on control and power and is in general optimistic. The right hemisphere is more inclined to melancholy, for this reason it resonates with the minor key in music.
The most intriguing conclusion from this is that the logic of the left hemisphere, with language as its primary tool, in the end can only refer to itself. This could already be observed in the paradoxes of Zeno and has been further revealed by Bertrand Russell (what does the statement "I am a liar" really tell us? It cannot be true but it also cannot be not-true.) This was ultimately formally proven by Godel in his "Incompleteness" theorem. Ian McGilchrist further observes that intellectual and spiritual progress toward "wholeness" is when the hemispheres cooperate with each other. Immanuel Kant already postulated that the ideal process should be that the right hemisphere observes (the present with all the senses), the left hemisphere subsequently conceptualizes (structures what is re-presented) and that the right hemisphere ultimately synthesizes (sees "through" and ads "newness"). In an ideal situation in which "happiness" and "wholeness" are maximized the right brain should be the master and the left brain should be the emissary.
McGilchrist further demonstrates that in the Western World the "unconscious" battle between the hemispheres is extended to our cultural and societal developments. Humans could only survive by living in tribes and developing communal and social capabilities. Neuroscience has revealed that these capabilities are concentrated in the frontal lobes, where morality, empathy and connectedness reside in right frontal lobe. The left focuses on individual traits like power and control. The pendulum has been swinging between the left and right since the Greeks, with the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy. Only a "somewhat perfect" balance, according to McGilchrist, has been achieved during the renaissance and the romantic eras. The periods of reformation, enlightenment (and its industrial revolution) and now modernism & post-modernism have been left hemisphere dominated, with most of the times devastating consequences for overall personal and societal "happiness". Perhaps not surprisingly in this left hemisphere dominated "individualistic" and "disconnected" era schizophrenia and autism are increasing alarmingly. This book was a difficult and very long read but (being left brain oriented) it has influenced my thinking tremendously. This book is a must read for anyone who is looking for the "truth" and the pursuit of happiness.
Top reviews from other countries
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sebastian placencia sanchezReviewed in Spain on October 28, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars Información necesaria
No pude esperar a la traducción. Sorprende lo entretenido y fácil de su lectura. Adentrarse en la estructura del cerebro es adentrase en uno mismo y en la historia. Esto, más que una metáfora creíble, es una sensiblemente cambia-vidas. Fascinante y revelador contenido.
- Kenny RussellReviewed in Australia on September 3, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent take on what makes us tick
An excellent, if challenging, read. My knowledge of philosophy and neuroscience are not my strengths and the book, for the most part, majors on these areas. However, if you persevere, the way the author explores the strengths and weaknesses of the left and right hemisphere of the brain and relates them to how we view the world and the world views us, becomes clearer and clearer. He finally relates how the left and right hemisphere’s relationship has evolved through time with a focus on the here and now. The author’s research of his subject is immense and thorough which helps to provide you with a very enlightened view of the subject matter (whether you have specialist knowledge or not). All in all, a very worthwhile read which I highly recommend.
- NithinReviewed in India on October 13, 2020
5.0 out of 5 stars Dense, dry and tedious. but very clear
I selected this book after reading Daniel Kahneman’s ‘Thinking Fast and Slow’, which was a breeze compared to this monster. This book needs a lot of referencing and the reader must commit their full attention at all times, I held this book and revisited narrations at the same time I was listening to the audiobook, emptied a highlighter marking important passages and references from beginning to the end. The author could have expanded on Upanishads which he only mentioned in passing as tertiary reference, the ancient Upanishads cover a great deal of what he was trying to explain. Maybe another left brain rejection? Another case of Gödel’s incompleteness!
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橡村佳意子Reviewed in Japan on September 29, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars 科学的データから西洋文明の成り立ち 明快!
右脳左脳の今までの神話を書き換え、科学的データで詳しく説明し、西洋文明の成り立ちを導く画期的な本。目から鱗が落ちる。左脳の暴走に牛耳られている現代文明が崖っぷちに立たされている今だからこそ薦めたい本である。
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Wolfgang >60Reviewed in Germany on June 23, 2020
5.0 out of 5 stars Geist als die Form der Selbsterfahrung des Gehirns …
Mit dieser Arbeitsdefinition nähert sich der Autor dem Geist-Körper-Problem interdisziplinär, wenn es versucht, Verbindungen und wechselseitiges Verständnis zwischen Wissenschaften wie Philosophie, Psychologie, Neurologie und anderen herzustellen, ohne historische Ansätze zu verteufeln; andererseits werden überholte Ansprüche auf Deutungshoheit durch Fakten und Methodenkritik relativiert.
Wer bisher nach einem „Homunculus“ im Gehirn Ausschau hielt, um Bewusstsein zu lokalisieren, wird durch die Darstellung zur Vorstellung geführt, dass „bewusst“ keine statische Eigenschaft von Materie ist, wie sie als Farbe Rot bezeichnet bzw. als Qualia „rot“ empfunden wird, sondern – totaliter-aliter - eine emergente Systemeigenschaft der im Gehirn ablaufenden neuronalen Prozesse zu sein scheint; diese Prozesse findet man im Gehirn verteilt, aber nicht allein dort: Diese sind nicht mit subjektiv erfahrener Empfindung bzw. Bedeutung identisch und können – mangels entsprechender Sensoren - auch nicht direkt wahrgenommen werden, sondern bekommen erst durch die Wechselwirkung der Gehirnzustände mit den körperlichen Sinnen – ihrer Interpretation – eine Bedeutung!
Die Eigenschaften der getrennten und doch in enger Wechselwirkung stehenden Hälften des Gehirns stellen mit der Betrachtung der Strukturen, Eigenschaften und Funktionen einen Schwerpunkt dar, wobei der Autor geschickt Bilder, Schemata, Metaphern und Modelle einsetzt, wenn sprachliche, linear-kausale Beschreibungen mit ihren mechanistischen Modellen, statischen Eigenschaften und klassischen Vorstellungen an ihre Grenzen stoßen. So aber können rückgekoppelte Prozesse, neuronale Netze und stabile Eigen-Zustände verstehend nachvollzogen werden.
Die getrennten Hirnhälften stehen im Grunde für zwei getrennte Formen von Bewusstsein, die die Welt unterschiedlich sehen, sich wechselseitig kontrollieren, aber auch unterordnen und dann auf „Vertrauensbasis“ operieren. Sie kommunizieren „mit sich selbst wie mit einem anderen“ (Ricoeur), was nicht nur zu Selbstbewusstsein als neuer emergenter Eigenschaft führt. Auch die Tatsache polarer Sichtweisen zwischen zwei Orientierungspunkten (oben – unten, gut – böse etc.) ließe sich so erklären.
Ich sehe dieses Buch daher als Zusammenschau und Weiterentwicklung in der Tradition von „The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind“ des Julian Jaynes, eingebettet in die Darstellungen von Kahneman und Eagleman.
Vermisst habe ich – nach den weitreichenden Erklärungen zur „Konstruktion der Welt“ durch Wahrnehmung und vorbewusste bzw. bewusste Interpretation - den Bezug auf den radikalen Konstruktivismus und die Systemtheorie, aber vielleicht war dem Autor das Betreten dieses verminten Gebietes - nach den ohnehin zu erwartenden Widerständen gegen seine Form der Darstellung - einfach zu gefährlich.
Ich habe das Buch mit großem Gewinn gelesen und empfehle es sehr!