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Lao Tzu: Te-Tao Ching - A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts (Classics of Ancient China) Paperback – June 30, 1992
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These manuscripts are more than five centuries older than any others known, and they correct many defects of later versions: their grammar and vocabulary frequently make the classic easier to understand; lost lines are restored (as many as three in some poems); some sections follow a more logical sequence.
Such differences make it necessary to reevaluate traditional interpretations of the Te-Tao Ching, and Professor Henricks has done this in an extensive commentary to his excellent new translation. In addition, Professor Henricks has provided an introduction that explains the basics of Taoism and discusses the many other important finds from Ma-want-tui.
- Print length320 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherRandom House Publishing Group
- Publication dateJune 30, 1992
- Dimensions5.13 x 0.73 x 8 inches
- ISBN-100345370996
- ISBN-13978-0345370990
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Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Specialists on Chinese religion and thought find it useful to distinguish, initially at least, between the Taoist religion on the one hand and philosophical Taoism on the other. We agree in dating the formal beginning of the Taoist religion to the establishment of the Celestial Master Sect, c. A.D. 150, by a man named Chang Taoling; philosophical Taoism is best represented for us in the thought of two texts written in early China, one called the Chuang-tzu, which preserves the ideas of the philosopher Chuang Chou (fl. 350-320 B.C.), the other an anonymous product known as the Lao-tzu (which means “the Old Master” or “Old Philosopher”) or the Tao-te ching (The Book of the Way and Its Power). The Lao-tzu, like the Chuang-tzu, probably represents currents of thought in China around 300 B.C., though by tradition the Lao-tzu was written by a contemporary of Confucius named Li Erh, Confucius’ dates being 551-479 B.C.
There are many similar ideas in the texts of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu; there are major differences between the two texts as well. For example, a good part of the Lao-tzu is addressed to the man who would be king and is concerned with the correct, Taoist way to rule; Chuang-tzu has no interest in social-political matters. Chuang-tzu’s message is addressed to the rugged individualist who turns his back on social commitment in his search for the fulfilled life. There are also major differences between the two books in style. The Chuang-tzu is composed of thirty-three chapters, each chapter a mixture of philosophic discourse, anecdote, fable, and tale, stories filled with delightful, unforgettable characters. The Lao-tzu, by contrast, has a total of eighty-one chapters, each one being more like a poem in form.
I. THE MA-WANG-TUI TEXTS
A number of extraordinary textual discoveries have been made by archaeologists in China in the last twenty years, those discoveries providing the reason, and the materials, for the present translation series. At Yin-ch’üeh-shan in Shantung, for example, portions of a number of early philosophical texts—including the Kuan-tzu, the Yen-tzu ch’un-ch’iu, and the militarist treatises Sun Pin ping-fa and Sun Wu ping-fa (i.e., Sun-tzu’s Art of War)—have been unearthed; while at Shui-hu-ti in Hupeh archaeologists found, among other things, materials relating to a Ch’in (221-207 B.C.) code of law.
Of greatest significance to date, a tremendous discovery was made in the last months of 1973 in south-central China near Changsha (Hunan Province) in the small village of Ma-wang-tui. In Han Tomb No. 3 at Ma-wang-tui, the grave of the son of a man named Li Ts’ang, Li Ts’ang having been marquis of Tai and prime minister of Changsha in early Han dynasty times,* archaeologists discovered a rich cache of funerary goods including a large group of texts. An inventory slip in the tomb informs us that this man was buried on the equivalent in the Western calendar of April 4, 168 B.C., thus providing a terminus ante quem for these materials. But more precise dating is possible in some cases based on the style of the calligraphy used and the practice of taboo-name avoidance—the personal name of an emperor in ancient China was not to be used in texts copied during his reign (more on these matters below).
A total of fifty-one items have been identified in the find by Chinese specialists working on the materials; most of these are written on silk, though a few are recorded on slips of bamboo and/or wood. Though most of the materials found are texts, there are maps, charts, and diagrams among the finds as well.* The importance of these materials to our understanding of early Chinese philosophy, history, literature, political thought, scientific thought, etc., was recognized right from the start and can hardly be overestimated.
There are texts on medical theories and practices, texts on Yin and Yang and the Five Elements (or “Phases”—wu-hsing), texts on political philosophy, and texts on astronomy and astrology. The medical treatises treat such matters as the conduits of the circulatory system, the fatal signs exhibited by these conduits, remedies and prescriptions for fifty-two diseases (Wu-shih-erh ping-fang), childbirth, methods for nourishing life, and the benefits of grain avoidance in diet. One of the medical treatises may in fact be the long lost Huang-ti wai-ching (External Classic of the Yellow Emperor). The texts on astronomy and astrology are mainly concerned with good and bad omens. One of these plots the orbits of five planets for the years 246-177 B.C.: this is called Prognostications Related to the Five Planets (Wu-hsing chan). Another illustrated scroll called Prognostications Related to Astronomical and Meteorological Phenomena (T’ien-wen ch’i-hsiang chan) has twenty-nine vivid drawings of comets. Needless to say, these are extremely important materials for tracing the development of astronomy in early China.
One of the Ma-wang-tui texts contains anecdotal material similar to what we now find in the Tso-chuan, recording historical events in the Spring and Autumn (Ch’un-ch’iu) period in China (722-481 B.C.). Also found was an early version of the Chan-kuo ts’e (Intrigues of the Warring States), a version with a total of twenty-seven chapters, sixteen of these not previously seen, all of this providing new information on the history of this important age (c. 480-222 B.C.).
Most of the texts found at Ma-wang-tui are documents of which we had no prior knowledge, though in some cases we knew of the item by name. Most significant in this regard, perhaps, are the texts being identified as the lost Huang-ti ssu-ching (Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor). The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor tell us much about the syncretic political thought known as “Huang-Lao” that was in vogue in early Han times. The Yellow Emperor texts present a view of good government which combines practical Confucian and Legalist principles with Taoist metaphysics and psychology.
In two important cases the manuscripts found at Ma-wang-tui provide us with what are now the earliest known versions of well-known Chinese philosophical classics. One of these is the I Ching (The Book of Changes), for which we find here the basic text for the sixty-four hexagrams and five different commentaries only one of which was previously known, the Hsi-tz’u, or “Appended Judgments” (the others are called Erh-san-tzu wen [“The Questions of the Disciples”], Mou Ho, Chao Li, and Yao).
The other case is the Lao-tzu: two copies of the Lao-tzu were found at Ma-wang-tui. Before this, the three earliest editions of the Lao-tzu were those associated with the commentaries of Yen Tsun (fl. 53-24 B.C.), Wang Pi (A.D. 226-249), and Ho-shang Kung (traditionally dated to the reign of Emperor Wen of the Han [179-157 B.C.], but dated by many to the third or fourth century A.D.). But all present versions of these three editions are “received” texts, having been copied many times over the centuries and thus passed down to the present. Our copies of these “early” texts, therefore, undoubtedly do not represent the text as it was seen by the commentators whose names they bear. The need for a new translation of the Lao-tzu based on the Ma-wang-tui texts is thus very clear.
II. THE MA-WANG-TUI MANUSCRIPTS OF THE LAO-TZU AND OTHER VERSIONS OF THE TEXT
The two Lao-tzu manuscripts, which we simply call Text A (chid) and Text B (i), are not exactly the same, neither in content nor in style, sure evidence that even at this early date there was more than one version of the Lao-tzu in circulation. Differences in content will be noted in Part Two, “Text, Commentary, and Notes,” below chapter by chapter. In terms of differences in style, the characters in Text A are written in “small seal” (hsiao-chuan) form, an old style of writing that was to be abandoned in the Han; the characters in Text B, by way of contrast, are written in the more modern “clerical” (li) script. This is one indication that Text A was copied before Text B. Further evidence proving this point is the fact that Text A does not avoid the taboo on the personal name of the founding emperor of the Han, Liu Pang (r. 206-194 B.C.) while Text B does, changing all pang’s (“country” or “state”) in the text to kuo’s (also “country” or “state”). Text B, on the other hand, does not avoid using the taboo names of Emperors Hui (r. 194-187 B.C.) and Wen (r. 179-156 B.C.), Liu Ying, and Liu Heng, while later texts all change ying (“full”) to man (also “full”) and heng (“constant”) to ch’ang (also “constant”). This seems to show that Text A was copied sometime before the reign of Liu Pang, while Text B was copied during it.
In comparing the Ma-wang-tui texts of the Lao-tzu to later editions, let us state clearly at the outset that the Ma-wang-tui texts do not differ in any radical way from later versions of the text. That is to say, there are no chapters in the Ma-wang-tui texts that are not found in later texts and vice versa, and there is nothing in the Ma-wang-tui texts that would lead us to understand the philosophy of the text in a radically new way. The differences tend to be more subtle. A different word is used here and there, or a word, phrase, or line is added in or left out, or the syntax of a phrase or line is not the same. One of the striking features of the Ma-wang-tui texts of Lao-tzu in fact is that they are much more “grammatical” than later editions, using many more grammatical particles than later editions, but for that very reason being grammatically much more precise.
The word, phrase, and line variants in the Ma-wang-tui texts are pointed out below in Part Two chapter by chapter. Here in this introduction we want to note three other interesting ways in which the Ma-wang-tui texts are different from later ones, all having to do with overall form.
Product details
- Publisher : Random House Publishing Group
- Publication date : June 30, 1992
- Edition : Reprint
- Language : English
- Print length : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0345370996
- ISBN-13 : 978-0345370990
- Item Weight : 9.2 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.13 x 0.73 x 8 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #584,305 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #122 in Tao Te Ching (Books)
- #184 in Taoist Philosophy
- #202 in Taoism (Books)
- Customer Reviews:
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Customers find this translation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching to be excellent, with one noting it's based on recently discovered Ma-wang-tui texts. The book receives positive feedback for its scholarly content, with one customer describing it as one of the greatest pieces of literature in existence. Customers appreciate its historical accuracy, with one review highlighting it as an original version of an ancient classic, and they find it insightful, with one noting it serves as a good primer for understanding the Chinese master.
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Customers appreciate the scholarly content of the book, with one customer describing it as one of the greatest pieces of literature in existence.
"This philosophical classic is one of the most important books ever compiled...." Read more
"...The book itself is the most phenomenal look into the past, present and future I have ever been gifted to gaze." Read more
"...Provides insight for those who have read many versions. Scholarly. Literal phrasing based on classic translations...." Read more
"...a hard or laborious read, this has to be one of the greatest peices of literature in existence, not neccesarly this edition, but this book itself,..." Read more
Customers praise the translation of the Lao Tzu texts, with one customer noting that the words speak volumes for themselves, and another mentioning that the commentary is readable.
"...The first is a straight-forward translation...." Read more
"...Scholarly. Literal phrasing based on classic translations. These literal versions sometimes miss the deeper meaning which Taoism contains...." Read more
"...The translations are more clear, more precice than anything else I've seen. Forget fancy pictures. The words speak volumes for themselves...." Read more
"...of the text discussed here are very informative, and the commentary is readable and clear...." Read more
Customers find the book insightful, with one mentioning it serves as a good primer for understanding Chinese master Lao Tzu.
"...Usually by a very wide margin. Respectful, insightful and disciplined, you will not find a translation that more fairly serves the great classic and..." Read more
"Very nice literal translation from the old texts. Provides insight for those who have read many versions. Scholarly...." Read more
"...The translations are more clear, more precice than anything else I've seen. Forget fancy pictures. The words speak volumes for themselves...." Read more
"...be very good, and the students seem drawn to the wonderful and yet simple truths that rang true centuries ago. A good purchase." Read more
Customers like the edition of this book.
"...not neccesarly this edition, but this book itself, this edition is good as well, was the first edition of this book I read, which is why I wanted..." Read more
"...Great edition for anyone with a deep interest and curiosity about the work." Read more
"An excellent edition of the most recent discovery of an older version of Tao Te Ching, ideal for all interested in Taoism and technical issues of..." Read more
"It is better than the other books I have ordered in the past but it is not peer reviewed by East Asian studies people...." Read more
Customers appreciate the historical accuracy of the book, with one customer describing it as a phenomenal look into the past and another noting it as an original version of an ancient classic.
"...The book itself is the most phenomenal look into the past, present and future I have ever been gifted to gaze." Read more
"An interesting look at new versions of the text..." Read more
"More original version of an ancient classic...." Read more
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on June 9, 2001Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseThe reviewer Mr. Forrest couldn't understand why the translator changed the name of the text or re-ordered the two parts. If he had read the book he would know that Ma-Wang-Tui texts had this ordering in the original. He would also know that since the two parts are known as the "Tao" and the "Te" ("the way" and "the virtue"), the naming of the book is perfectly appropriate. Mr. Henricks divides his book into two parts also. The first is a straight-forward translation. The second contains the translation as well as comments, notes and original Chinese from the two Ma-Wang-Tui texts used. If you're not interested in chinese philosophy and history, this probably won't appeal to you. You can always get one of the new age, tao-of-pooh type versions.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 4, 2018Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseThis philosophical classic is one of the most important books ever compiled. Comparing more than 30 translations of it line by line, character by character, I almost invariably settle upon Henrick's translation as the authoritative one. Usually by a very wide margin. Respectful, insightful and disciplined, you will not find a translation that more fairly serves the great classic and its fragile message.
- Reviewed in the United States on March 12, 2020Format: PaperbackVerified Purchasesold to me as a used book, but it arrived looking brand new. The book itself is the most phenomenal look into the past, present and future I have ever been gifted to gaze.
- Reviewed in the United States on November 29, 2014Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseVery nice literal translation from the old texts. Provides insight for those who have read many versions. Scholarly. Literal phrasing based on classic translations. These literal versions sometimes miss the deeper meaning which Taoism contains.
For the average person who has not read many versions I would recommend reading these two great versions first:
(1) The Secret Tao: Uncovering the hidden history and meaning of Lao Tzu (D.W. Kreger)
(2) Tao Te Ching (Perennial Classics) by Stephen Mitchell
- Reviewed in the United States on November 26, 2012Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseI originally became aquainted with this book in the 90's, it is not a hard or laborious read, this has to be one of the greatest peices of literature in existence, not neccesarly this edition, but this book itself, this edition is good as well, was the first edition of this book I read, which is why I wanted this edition again.
all study and worship of truth is the same.
- Reviewed in the United States on June 22, 2012Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseThis is flat out the very best translation of Lao Tzu that I have ever read. The translations are more clear, more precice than anything else I've seen. Forget fancy pictures. The words speak volumes for themselves. If you only get 1 copy of Lao Tzu, make it the ROBERT HENRICKS translation. You will not be disappointed.
- Reviewed in the United States on April 23, 2016Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseThere is no translation of chapter 40. The book goes from chapter 39 on pg.8 to chapter 41 on pg.9 in the English translation. The Chinese chapter 40 is on pg. 105 with notes in English on pg.104.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 7, 2017Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseGreat additional perspective on a work I already love. The evolutions of the text discussed here are very informative, and the commentary is readable and clear. Great edition for anyone with a deep interest and curiosity about the work.
Top reviews from other countries
- StuartReviewed in the United Kingdom on September 29, 2018
5.0 out of 5 stars very good translation
Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseI cant speak for accuracy, but this translation shed light on a few verses that were confusing me.
- HoraceReviewed in the United Kingdom on October 12, 2013
3.0 out of 5 stars A solid translation, but avoid the paperback
Format: PaperbackVerified PurchaseHenricks' translation is straightforward and scholarly. It is largely clear and literal with the onus on being faithful to the Ma-wang texts. He does not indulge in poetic conceits in English, which I am glad of. Also, unlike some other transations of Lao Tzu, one does not get the impression that the translator is in any way trying to push his own philosophical agenda.
Henricks provides copious notes on passages where the interpretation is disputable. All in all, I think he does a very good job, and his commentry is invaluable when reading the translation in conjuction with the Chinese.
Both of the Ma-wang texts are reproduced in this book, rendered into legible (if a little small) regular script. However, neither of these are complete; Henricks clearly consulted later, 'received' texts of the classic in order to fill in the many gaps, but you will not find these in the book. Given the large amount of white space lying fallow on all the pages with Chinese text, I think it's a pity that he did not include a standard version of the text for convenient comparison; particularly considering the numerous references in the notes to how the Ma-wang texts differ from it. Henricks also divides the (originally undifferentiated) Ma-wang texts in the eighty-one chapters corresponding with the later versions. Clearly, the notion that the reader will want to compare the two could not have been far from his mind.
Reference to Chinese words in English sections of the book is done without tone markings/numbers or parenthesised characters, which irks me. All romanisation is in Wade-Giles, which might well irk people who prefer pinyin. Had he included characters then following up many of his references would have been made considerably easier.
Aside from these minor matters concerning the contents of this book, I feel I must deduct a star or two on account of the physical quality of the paperback edition. Unfortunately it is rather poor. The pages are very thin and the binding is flimsy. It is one of those books that will start looking tatty very quickly if used a lot.
I have a hardback copy of Sun Tzu's Art of Warfare from the same 'Classics of Ancient China' series, however, and it is solid, well-bound and of excellent quality. With this being the case, I would urge readers to pay a little more for the hardback version of this title.
- dragonworksReviewed in Canada on February 4, 2024
3.0 out of 5 stars ITS A DISSERTATION
Format: KindleVerified PurchaseIf you want an analysis of the Dao, this one's for you. I couldn't get into it.