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Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization Hardcover – April 7, 2020

4.6 out of 5 stars 758 ratings

A bold reimagining of Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs--and new insights for realizing your full potential and living your most creative, fulfilled, and connected life.

When psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman first discovered Maslow's unfinished theory of transcendence, sprinkled throughout a cache of unpublished journals, lectures, and essays, he felt a deep resonance with his own work and life. In this groundbreaking book, Kaufman picks up where Maslow left off, unraveling the mysteries of his unfinished theory, and integrating these ideas with the latest research on attachment, connection, creativity, love, purpose and other building blocks of a life well lived.

Kaufman's new hierarchy of needs provides a roadmap for finding purpose and fulfillment--not by striving for money, success, or "happiness," but by becoming the best version of ourselves, or what Maslow called self-actualization. While self-actualization is often thought of as a purely individual pursuit, Maslow believed that the full realization of potential requires a merging between self and the world. We don't have to choose either self-development or self-sacrifice, but at the highest level of human potential we show a deep integration of both. Transcend reveals this level of human potential that connects us not only to our highest creative potential, but also to one another.

With never-before-published insights and new research findings, along with exercises and opportunities to gain insight into your own unique personality, this empowering book is a manual for self-analysis and nurturing a deeper connection not only with our highest potential but also with the rest of humanity.
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Editorial Reviews

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“What a masterpiece! Maslow 2.0—a must-read for anyone who wants to understand what Maslow meant by self-transcendence. Part biography, part treatise, part how-to guide . . . I loved it!”
—Angela Duckworth, professor of psychology, University of Pennsylvania; CEO and founder of Character Lab; and New York Times–bestselling author of Grit
 
“This is the book we’ve all been waiting for—nothing less than a breathtaking new psy­chology of humanity. Kaufman will show you how to live your life to the fullest, and in the service of others—all at the same time.”
—Susan Cain, New York Times–bestselling author of Quiet
 
“The concept of self-actualization and the transcendent values, which include justice, beauty, meaningfulness, and wholeness, provide a blueprint for a better world. This very well-written volume not only captures Maslow’s work but infuses it with the spirit of inspiration. This book is a major advance in psychology.”
—Aaron T. Beck, M.D., professor emeritus of psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
 
“As a pioneer of humanistic psychology, Maslow is frequently referenced but rarely un­derstood. Scott Barry Kaufman is here to change that. He does a first-rate job restoring the classic pyramid based on Maslow’s own revisions and updating self-actualization in light of contemporary science.”
—Adam Grant, New York Times–bestselling author of Originals and Give and Take, and host of the WorkLife podcast
 
“In this book Kaufman studies the legacy of Abraham Maslow’s life’s work in humanistic psychology and expands on this with his own insights and studies. The book gives us a path to self-actualization, to becoming the best person we can possibly become. In the process we discover we do this connected to others and all reality.”
—Sharon Salzberg, author of Lovingkindness and Real Happiness
 
“Transcend is rich, deep, and brilliant, a pleasure to read. Scott Barry Kaufman is the new generation’s leading voice in humanistic psychology, a modern-day Abraham Maslow. Updating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with modern psychology research, Transcend will help readers embark upon a journey to the upper reaches of their potential.”
—Emily Esfahani Smith, author of The Power of Meaning
 
“This splendid book is a twofer. It’s a retelling of the life of Abraham Maslow woven through an insightful updating of Maslow’s theory.”
—Martin Seligman, director, Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania, and author of The Hope Circuit
 
Transcend is a wonderful revival and update of a beloved classic psychological model, as well as a loving ode to its originator. A brilliant assemblage of our current understand­ing of psychological well-being.”
—Mark Manson, New York Times–bestselling author of The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck
 
“Mastery in whatever field is an important goal to aspire to, but in these times, when people are experiencing depression and emptiness at an epidemic level, transcendence is an even more critical goal. Scott Barry Kaufman manages to integrate more than seventy-five years of research on the subject to show that the only way to fully self-actualize is, paradoxically, by getting outside of one’s self. This is one of the best books on human potential I’ve ever read.”
—Robert Greene, author of The Laws of Human Nature
 
“In this ambitious work, Scott Barry Kaufman not only excavates the unfinished ele­ments of Maslow’s famous hierarchy of needs, but updates and extends it with the latest science.
Transcend is a compass for a life well lived.”
—David Epstein, New York Times–bestselling author of Range
 
“Scott Barry Kaufman is one of my favorite thinkers about the psychology of getting better and growing as a person.”
—Ryan Holiday, New York Times–bestselling author of Stillness Is the Key
 
“Both personal and universal, deep and engaging, easy to follow and mind-shifting,
Transcend gives us a new understanding of Maslow’s famous self-actualization model and shows us how we can all achieve the kind of life we aspire to.”
—Lori Gottlieb, New York Times–bestselling author of Maybe You Should Talk to Someone
 
“In an age focused on materialism and self-obsession, Kaufman boldly addresses the sci­ence of our deepest, most unanswered needs: connection, meaning, love, transcendence, and self-realization. A revolutionary book destined to become a classic.”
—Emma Seppälä, Ph.D., author of The Happiness Track, and science director, Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, Stanford University
 
“Many of the substantive issues humanistic psychology fought for in the middle part of the last century are now at the very core of modern psychology, regardless of your ap­proach or orientation. It is especially timely to revisit the work of one of the greatest humanists of all time, Abraham Maslow, and to update his insights based on the half a century of data that have accumulated since his death. Scott Barry Kaufman has done just that in this wide-ranging and delightful book.”
—Steven C. Hayes, codeveloper of acceptance and commitment therapy and author of A Liberated Mind
 
“In this wise, creative, surprising, and exceedingly humane book, Scott Barry Kaufman provides a hierarchy of needs for the modern world, blending the insights of humanistic psychology with the finding of cutting-edge science.”
—Paul Bloom, Brooks and Suzanne Ragen Professor of Psychology, Yale University, and author of Against Empathy
 
“Scott Barry Kaufman revivifies the wisdom of humanistic psychology for a new millen­nium. He does it with evidence and discernment, without turning the world into a nail.”
—Steven Pinker, professor of psychology, Harvard University, and New York Times–bestselling author of Enlightenment Now
 
“Synthesizing Maslow’s wisdom with modern research, Scott Barry Kaufman takes our understanding of the good life to higher planes. Maslow would have been proud!”
—Tal Ben-Shahar, cofounder of the Happiness Studies Academy
 
“There are many books about happiness. There are fewer about living a good life—not a fixed state of being, but an ongoing process that encourages creativity, challenge, and meaning.
Transcend is such a book: original, grounded in modern research, and thor­oughly practical.”
—Sean Carroll, author of Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and the Emergence of Spacetime
 
“Drawing on a vast range of source material, Kaufman has singlehandedly helped to reposition Maslow and humanistic psychology from the periphery to the center of mainstream psychological inquiry. A scientifically grounded, splendidly accessible road map for the spiritual and philosophical uplift of our field.”
—Kirk Schneider, Ph.D., author of The Spirituality of Awe
 
“Reading
Transcend would bring a broad smile to Maslow’s face and maybe even a shout of ‘Someone finally gets it.’ Often he spoke in our seminars at Brandeis of his frustration that so few understood his work. Scott Barry Kaufman not only shows a rare and pro­found understanding of Maslow’s ideas but, for the first time in fifty years, expands our knowledge of Maslow’s core concepts. This book is worthy of being in every thinking person’s library and being read more than once.”
—L. Ari Kopolow, M.D., clinical assistant professor of psychiatry, George Washington University; president emeritus, Suburban Maryland Psychiatric Society; and former student of Abraham Maslow
 
“This is one of the most comprehensive books on what psychology has to say about the path to personal fulfillment. I walked away with a new, sophisticated lens for viewing the motivations behind my actions. I suspect readers will be equally enlightened.”
—Todd B. Kashdan, Ph.D., professor of psychology, George Mason University, and author of The Upside of Your Dark Side
 
“With wisdom from many fields, and paths and principles to live, this book will enable you to rise to the greatest challenge of our times: to arrive at a new sense of ourselves that is kinder, more inclusive, and oriented to creating a better world. This is a pro­foundly important and timely book.”
—Dacher Keltner, professor of psychology, University of California, Berkeley

About the Author

Scott Barry Kaufman, PhD is a humanistic psychologist who has taught at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, NYU and elsewhere. He received his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Yale University, and an M.Phil in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge under a Gates Cambridge Scholarship. He writes the column Beautiful Minds for Scientific American and hosts The Psychology Podcast, which has received more than 10 million downloads. His writing has appeared in The Atlantic and Harvard Business Review, and his books include Ungifted, Wired to Create (with Carolyn Gregoire), and, as editor, Twice Exceptional and, as co-editor, The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. In 2015, he was named one of "50 Groundbreaking Scientists who are changing the way we see the world" by Business Insider.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ TarcherPerigee
  • Publication date ‏ : ‎ April 7, 2020
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Print length ‏ : ‎ 432 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0143131206
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0143131205
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.35 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.2 x 1.47 x 9.3 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.6 out of 5 stars 758 ratings

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Scott Barry Kaufman, Ph.D. is a cognitive scientist interested in the development of intelligence, creativity, and personality. He applies a variety of perspectives to come to a richer understanding and appreciation of all kinds of minds and ways of achieving greatness.

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4.6 out of 5 stars
758 global ratings

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Customers say

Customers find the book instrumental in understanding self-actualization and cultivating life's purpose. Moreover, they appreciate its creative approach and well-written style.

35 customers mention "Insight"32 positive3 negative

Customers find the book insightful, appreciating its exploration of psychology fundamentals and how it helps readers understand themselves better and cultivate their life's purpose.

"...Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman engages readers in an enticing conversation, urging them to discover their most authentic self and embrace it with full force..." Read more

"...Kaufman's podcast and other writings, is a source of incredibly helpful reading recommendations, which can be a blessing or a curse for the..." Read more

"...Scott Barry Kaufmann, with his incredibly broad and deep expertise, addresses that by discussing contemporary research on issues raised by Maslow..." Read more

"...He merged science and story-telling in a way that would have made Maslow proud, transcending the dichotomy of rigor and anecdote, exhibiting the..." Read more

6 customers mention "Creativity"6 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate the book's creative approach and winsome style, with one customer describing it as a beautiful book full of hope.

"...I believe that this book can help you grow, in your own style, and in such a way that allows you to show the universe that you really existed, and..." Read more

"...Kaufman shows us how our sense of awe, beauty, wonder, mystery, truth, wholeness, and aliveness can carry us through day by day to the top of the..." Read more

"...I loved reading about flow, creativity, and especially Chapter 6-- the chapter on purpose...." Read more

"...It meshes science and spirituality in a concrete and creative way. Maslow would be so proud of this piece of art. ps...." Read more

5 customers mention "Writing quality"5 positive0 negative

Customers find the book well written, with one mentioning it is easy to read.

"...Transcend is so rich and beautifully written that it bears re-reading and discussion--which is what my coaching colleagues and I are doing in our..." Read more

"...This book was well written and interesting, and I truly enjoyed reading it...." Read more

"...for any of those ideas, but maybe this is what makes the book easy to read and relate to." Read more

"...but Kaufman’s skillful explanation and engaging writing present an accessible path to understanding and growing toward Maslow..." Read more

Cool Science-Based Perspective on How to be a Better Version of Yourself
5 out of 5 stars
Cool Science-Based Perspective on How to be a Better Version of Yourself
This book by far exceeded my expectations. I had never given much weight to Maslow or his theory of self actualization. After reading this book, however, my view has completely changed. Transcend incorporates a wide range of perspectives. It draws from psychology, philosophy, and includes little-known details about Maslow's life. It even outlines clear steps for those seeking to live a more fulfilled life. This book was well written and interesting, and I truly enjoyed reading it. I'd even go so far as to say that reading this book has made me want to be a better person. I highly recommend it.
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Top reviews from the United States

  • Reviewed in the United States on May 25, 2020
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
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    By Graciela Livas and Tabitha Molett

    More than a self-help book, Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization is an invitation to explore an inspiring new take on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman engages readers in an enticing conversation, urging them to discover their most authentic self and embrace it with full force: “If you truly wish to self-actualize — and even transcend — in your own style, driven by the desire for growth, exploration, purpose, creativity, and love for all of humanity, then keep reading ...” he writes.

    Kaufman proposes a reconceptualization of the model, interweaving personal narratives, historical accounts, ethnographic studies, cognitive neuroscience research, practical self-evaluation scales, and humanistic psychology to challenge traditional understandings of the pyramid-style hierarchy. Dr. Kaufman points out, “Maslow emphasized that we are always in a state of becoming and that one’s ‘inner core’ consists merely of ‘potentialities, not final actualizations’ that are ‘weak, subtle, and delicate, very easily drowned out by learning, by cultural expectations, by fear, by disapproval, etc.,’ and which can all too easily become forgotten, neglected, unused, overlooked, unverbalized, or suppressed. Maslow made it clear that human maturation is an ongoing process and that growth is ‘not a sudden, saltatory phenomenon’ but is often two steps forward and one step back.”

    In spite of the cerebral subject matter, Kaufman’s winsome style gives his narrative the quality of a walk on the beach with a friend. He smoothly mingles intricate and complex principles of humanistic psychology with his takes on modern scientific research findings and other related fields. He explores the role that fear and anxiety have on personal health, learning, and growth, challenging the reader to examine their own attachments, patterns, and mindsets as they strive to become the best versions of themselves.

    The author meets readers where they are, providing self-evaluation measures that enable them to identify their current position within this new dynamic hierarchy of needs. “I believe in the fundamental capacity of humans for growth. ... .I believe that this book can help you grow, in your own style, and in such a way that allows you to show the universe that you really existed, and benefited others, while you were here.”

    Kaufman’s guidance helps readers embark on their own unique voyages on the sea of life, one that goes beyond self-actualization and ventures into transcendence, all the while reminding us that “we should recognize our common humanity” in order to increase our life satisfaction. In other words, by consistently improving ourselves and positively contributing to society, we become more selfless as individuals and more interconnected as a collective human race.

    Presented as a road map for personal fulfillment, the model uses the metaphor of a sailboat — a triangle atop a half-circle — to highlight the existence of two distinct categories of needs, those dealing with “security” and those pertaining to “growth.” This “fundamentally human” approach enables an invigorating exploration into healthy transcendence and integration of one’s entire being, concluding with practical and accessible principles and resources, such as “Theory Z,” which imparts an inspiring vision of human potential. Transcend is for everyone who is interested in opening their sails and exploring life’s possibilities through self-fulfilment and connection to others.
    44 people found this helpful
    Report
  • Reviewed in the United States on August 1, 2020
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    I highly recommend this book. Transcend is a labor of love that shares wisdom, not just information. Dr. Scott Barry Kaufman encourages us to embrace the journey towards transcendence and creativity, and more importantly, he provides context and practical advice to people who want to take that journey. Dr. Kaufman is leading a counterculture of inspiration during a time in which the marketplace rewards incitement. This book turns abstract humanistic values and ideals into a thoughtful lesson plan. Transcend, along with Dr. Kaufman's podcast and other writings, is a source of incredibly helpful reading recommendations, which can be a blessing or a curse for the insatiably curious.

    Dr. Kaufman is at the forefront of exploring and illustrating the value of embracing and integrating neurodiversity in education and society. Towards the end of a career in executive management, I tried to emulate mentors who nurtured both technical competence and general self-actualization. As an inexperienced leader, I wanted to develop people into the Luisa character described in this book. Eventually, I came to see that people were transcending on their own terms, even if it did not look like a certain ideal. A wise man once said, “students who demonstrate a very specific manifestation of intelligence flourish, while those who deviate tend to fall between the cracks.” I’m wondering if the same can be said about how we frame education on the subject of transcendence.
    7 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on July 18, 2020
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    When positive psychology was founded, humanistic psychology was ignored due to its lack of empirical evidence. Scott Barry Kaufmann, with his incredibly broad and deep expertise, addresses that by discussing contemporary research on issues raised by Maslow and others, e.g., safety, connection, self-esteem, etc. He has single-handedly revived humanistic psychology by giving it empirical, prompting one reviewer to aptly call his approach "Maslow 2.0." (Spoiler alert: Maslow did not create the triangular "Hierarchy of Needs" that you probably ascribe to him.)

    I first listened to author Scott Barry Kaufman read the Audible version--and at the end was so inspired that I bought a hard copy to review the many nuggets, from his sailboat metaphor to questionnaires to growth exercises. Transcend is so rich and beautifully written that it bears re-reading and discussion--which is what my coaching colleagues and I are doing in our book club, formed expressly to deepen our understanding of humanistic psychology and facilitate transformational changes in ourselves and our clients.

    As a former psych professor, I know that students take psychology hoping that it will actually address real human needs and aspirations--only to be disillusioned. If you found Psych 101 a little thin on insights for living the Good Life, read this book for science-based ideas on how to understand and develop humans.
    49 people found this helpful
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  • Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2025
    Format: HardcoverVerified Purchase
    Perfect product

Top reviews from other countries

  • JB family
    5.0 out of 5 stars Maslow in a more dynamic model.
    Reviewed in the United Kingdom on May 14, 2025
    Kaufman provides an in-depth update on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. His sailboat model brings a more dynamic image compared to the familiar representation of Maslow's pyramid, which he apparently never drew himself. Deeply rooted in humanist psychology, so may not appeal to those with a more spiritual perspective, although he acknowledges Maslow's own conflict between rationalism and spirituality.
  • Dr S. Ranjan
    5.0 out of 5 stars 2nd Best Book after Power vs Force #DavidHawkins
    Reviewed in India on December 23, 2024
    Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
    Gamify Education and Learning about Growth of Consciousness; Higher Possibility of Human Life by reframing Maslow’ Hierarchy of Needs as Sailboat ⛵️
    Flow (Mihaly C.) is also Good, beside Art of Impossibility (StevenKotler).
  • Zain
    5.0 out of 5 stars A Wild Journey into Self-Actualization
    Reviewed in Germany on October 1, 2023
    Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
    Transformative book. Weaving together science, psychology, and philosophy to explore the fascinating concept of self-actualization, with it's ever wonderful prose, it makes complex ideas availble to all.

    What truly sets this book apart is its focus on the practical application of self-actualization principles. Kaufman doesn't stop at theory; he provides readers with actionable strategies and exercises that can be integrated into their daily lives. It's not just about understanding self-actualization; it's about becoming a self-actualized person, and "Transcend" is your roadmap to achieving that.

    A must-read for anyone interested in unlocking their full potential and understanding the depths of human nature.
  • Tabac
    5.0 out of 5 stars Wow
    Reviewed in France on July 23, 2023
    I'm amazed by the quality of research and reasoning.

    I'm only at the first quarter of the book and decided to take a break in order to make some self-work before continuing, as it already got me inspired.

    Book worth every bucks. I'll probably read it again multiple times in my lifetime.
  • Cristina González Belmar
    5.0 out of 5 stars Fantastic
    Reviewed in Spain on June 29, 2021
    Format: KindleVerified Purchase
    This is a wonderful book. Loved it. Very well written. An awesome review of Maslow hierarchy of needs. I've got so much inspiration.