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What We Owe the Future Hardcover – August 16, 2022

by William MacAskill (Author)

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An Instant New York Times Bestseller

“This book will change your sense of how grand the sweep of human history could be, where you fit into it, and how much you could do to change it for the better. It's as simple, and as ambitious, as that.”
—Ezra Klein

An Oxford philosopher makes the case for “longtermism” — that positively influencing the long-term future is a key moral priority of our time.

The fate of the world is in our hands. Humanity’s written history spans only five thousand years. Our yet-unwritten future could last for millions more — or it could end tomorrow. Astonishing numbers of people could lead lives of great happiness or unimaginable suffering, or never live at all, depending on what we choose to do today.

In What We Owe The Future, philosopher William MacAskill argues for longtermism, that idea that positively influencing the distant future is a key moral priority of our time. From this perspective, it’s not enough to reverse climate change or avert the next pandemic. We must ensure that civilization would rebound if it collapsed; counter the end of moral progress; and prepare for a planet where the smartest beings are digital, not human.

If we make wise choices today, our grandchildren’s grandchildren will thrive, knowing we did everything we could to give them a world full of justice, hope and beauty.

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Editorial Reviews

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“This book will change your sense of how grand the sweep of human history could be, where you fit into it, and how much you could do to change it for the better. It's as simple, and as ambitious, as that.”―Ezra Klein, host of The Ezra Klein Show podcast

“An optimistic look at the future that moved me to tears.”
―Joseph Gordon-Levitt, actor

“What We Owe The Future makes the case for thinking seriously about the very long term. It gives a profoundly new perspective on human civilization and our place in it.”
―Lydia Cacho, journalist and author of The Demons of Eden

“What We Owe the Future is an intellectually thrilling exploration of moral philosophy and human history in the hands of a very skilled thinker and clear writer… Thought provoking.”―Charter

“Unapologetically optimistic and bracingly realistic, this is the most inspiring book on ‘ethical living’ I’ve ever read.”―The Guardian (UK)

“In focusing on the interests of future generations stretching into an indefinitely long future, MacAskill has thrust an important and neglected argument into the spotlight, while making it vivid and fun to read. He hopes this book will change the world, and it might.”―Financial Times (UK)

“Touchingly optimistic… With something to ponder on every page, a bracing exhortation to do right by the people of centuries to come.”

―Kirkus

“MacAskill delivers a sweeping analysis of contemporary dangers that masterfully probes the intersections of technology, science, and politics, while offering fascinating glimpses into humanity’s possible futures. This urgent call to action will inspire and unnerve in equal measure.”―Publishers Weekly

“What We Owe the Future is an instructive, intelligent book. It has a lot to teach us about history and the future, about neglected risks and moral myopia.”―Boston Review

“No living philosopher has had a greater impact upon my ethics than Will MacAskill. In What We Owe The Future, MacAskillhas transformed my thinking once again, by patiently dismantling the lazy intuitions that rendered me morally blind to the interests of future generations. This is an altogether thrilling and necessary book.”
―Sam Harris, five-time New York Times bestselling author and host of the Making Sense podcast

"An exciting new book."―Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution

“An extraordinary book. I've never read something so deep and fundamental, and so accessible at the same time . . . The publication of this book is a monumental event. William MacAskill is one of the most important philosophers alive today, and this is his magnum opus.”―Rutger Bregman, Dutch historian and author of Utopia for Realists

“This is a book of great daring, clarity, insight and imagination. To be simultaneously so realistic and so optimistic, and always so damned readable … that is a miracle for which MacAskill should be greatly applauded.”
―Stephen Fry, actor

"There are moments when we can change outcomes easily, but if we don't bend those curves right then, we can lock in enormous long-term damage. This fascinating book makes us think relentlessly and usefully about such pivot points; few prods could be more important.”
―Bill McKibben, environmentalist and author of The End of Nature

"Many books promise a new ‘big idea’, but few deliver one as brilliant as MacAskill’s in What We Owe The Future. A fascinating, profound read."
―Julia Galef, author of The Scout Mindset

“Warning: This book may radically upgrade your ethics and expand your compassion. What We Owe The Future is an inspiring roadmap to how we can try to improve the lives of the billions and trillions sentient beings yet to come. It’s perhaps our greatest moral duty. So please do yourself – and your grandchildren's grandchildren's grandchildren – a favor and read this book.”
―AJ Jacobs, editor at large of Esquire Magazine

“This mind-bending, eon-hurtling, visionary, masterful book raises questions that are among the most crucial we face as a species. MacAskill makes a moral case for the future that is urgent, clear, and utterly convincing.”
―Larissa MacFarquhar, staff writer for The New Yorker and author of Strangers Drowning

“To assess what really matters it always helps to zoom out, and Will MacAskill is probably the world’s best zoom-outer. What We Owe The Future brilliantly shows us the biggest picture of all and persuasively reminds us of the vast impact we can all have.”

―Tim Urban, co-founder of Wait but Why

“I expected William MacAskill to write a forceful and persuasive argument for caring more about future people and this book did not disappoint. But it’s so much more—What We Owe The Future is an engaged and deeply original exploration of questions ranging from the contingency of moral progress, to the perils of AI, to the very nature of a happy and fulfilled life. It’s an important, stimulating, and delightful book.”

―Paul Bloom

About the Author

William MacAskill is an associate professor in philosophy and senior research fellow at the Global Priorities Institute, University of Oxford. At the time of his appointment, he was the youngest associate professor of philosophy in the world. He has focused his research on moral uncertainty, effective altruism, and future generations. He also cofounded the nonprofits Giving What We Can, the Centre for Effective Altruism, and Y Combinator–backed 80,000 Hours, which together have moved over $300 million to effective charities. He is the author of Doing Good Better and lives in Oxford, England.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ Basic Books; First Edition (August 16, 2022)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 352 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1541618629
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1541618626
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.24 pounds
Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.45 x 1.45 x 9.65 inches

Best Sellers Rank: #253,577 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #20 in Philosophy of Good & Evil
- #120 in Philosophy of Ethics & Morality
- #217 in History & Theory of Politics

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William MacAskill

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I'm Will MacAskill, Associate Professor in Philosophy and Research Fellow at the Global Priorities Institute, University of Oxford. My academic research focuses on the fundamentals of effective altruism - the use of evidence and reason to help others by as much as possible with our time and money, with a particular concentration on how to act given moral uncertainty.

I am the author of Doing Good Better - Effective Altruism and a Radical New Way to Make a Difference, and Moral Uncertainty. My latest book is What We Owe The Future.

I am the Director of the Forethought Foundation for Global Priorities Research, a co-founder and the President of the Centre for Effective Altruism (CEA) and I helped to create the effective altruism movement. Through Giving What We Can, CEA encourages people to commit to donate at least 10% of their income to the most effective charities. CEA also runs over 100 effective altruism local groups, hosts regular effective altruism conferences, and does research into high-impact policy and philanthropic opportunities.

I also co-founded 80,000 Hours, a YCombinator-backed non-profit that provides research and advice on how you can best make a difference through your career.

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Customers find the book thought-provoking and carefully researched, with one review noting it contains lots to think about on every page. Moreover, they appreciate its readability and find it an important read. The book delves into the practicalities of long-termism, with one customer highlighting its innovative ideas about human extinction. Additionally, the research quality receives positive feedback, with one customer noting its well-researched statistics.

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Thought provoking Readability Evidence Research quality

27 customers mention "Thought provoking"27 positive0 negative

Customers find the book thought-provoking and insightful, with careful research and analysis throughout.

"...The final "What to do" Chapter 10 contains an interesting analysis, along the lines of the "effective altruism" movement that the author has been..." Read more

"...Good insights in this book how momentary decisions we make in an instant of time can have lasting influence not just on our own lives, but the..." Read more

"...What makes this book exceptional is that the author is so clear-eyed and grounded about the calculations that we need to make to ensure a better..." Read more

"...In its pages lies the potential to rewrite our narrative, to transform from a species teetering on the precipice of oblivion to one that becomes a..." Read more

26 customers mention "Readability"19 positive7 negative

Customers find the book fascinating and fun to read, with one customer noting it's an excellent addition to non-fiction guides.

"...Much of the book is eminently sensible, so my comments are just a few counterpoints to a few of the topics discussed, though I have one substantial..." Read more

"An inspiring book to read how we can make a difference, not just for us, but for future generations to come...." Read more

"...but realistically it just isn't a very good book. Frankly I'm baffled that it could have garnered such glowing praise...." Read more

"...It's ultimately an empowering book. Who couldn't use a little empowerment right now?..." Read more

17 customers mention "Evidence"17 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate how the book delves into the practicalities of long-termism, with one customer highlighting its innovative ideas about human extinction and interesting case studies.

""This book is about longtermism: the idea that positively influencing the longterm future is a key moral priority of our time"...." Read more

"...is that your actions today are vastly more important and consequential than you imagined. And that your actions today can have an outsized impact...." Read more

"...expect much actionable information, but do expect a lot of interesting information and convincing, well-reasoned explanations of what "Good" means." Read more

"...The book delves into the practicalities of longtermism, a philosophy that urges us to view decisions not just through the myopic lens of the present..." Read more

4 customers mention "Research quality"4 positive0 negative

Customers appreciate the research quality of the book, with one noting its well-researched statistics and another highlighting its grounded calculations.

"...book exceptional is that the author is so clear-eyed and grounded about the calculations that we need to make to ensure a better future...." Read more

"...MacAskill’s well-researched statistics, historical excerpts, and recommendations are enlightening and even useful...." Read more

"...A great read, extremely well researched - 10/10 would recommend." Read more

"Book was riddled with statistics that got the mind pondering some of the deeper ideas the author is trying to portray. Good read overall." Read more

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David J. Aldous
Rational analysis of thinking and acting for the long term
Reviewed in the United States on August 18, 2022
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"This book is about longtermism: the idea that positively influencing the longterm future is a key moral priority of our time". The author starts with three intriguing metaphors: Humanity as an imprudent teenager whose decisions will have lifetime consequences; History as molten glass -- society might set in a fixed unchangeable state; Trying to make the future better as a risky expedition into uncharted terrain. I give the book 5 stars because it is a well written and thought-provoking account of a neglected important topic. Much of the book is eminently sensible, so my comments are just a few counterpoints to a few of the topics discussed, though I have one substantial criticism at the end.

Start with the axiom "future people count". This seems unobjectionable, but one then confronts questions like "is the world better for having more people leading good lives?" What are the trade-offs between present,near future, and far future costs and benefits? Is a larger population preferable to a smaller population? Chapter 8 discusses such "population ethics" questions via thought experiments. This is fascinating as an intellectual exercise, but it is perhaps not surprising that there are no very satisfactory answers.

Another theme starts with "values are contingent" -- for instance, that in an alternate history, large-scale legal slavery might have continued through the 20th Century. The author speculates that the current era of rapid technological and economic growth exhibits unusual "plasticity", in the sense that actions or their neglect today might lead to a "values lock-in" over the next century or two, so we should attempt to steer in the desired direction today. In particular this is applied to the development of AGIs, though the specific possible consequences described seem unconvincing to me.

Chapter 7 worries about possible future "technological stagnation"", and indeed the author writes later "the risk of technological stagnation alone suffices to make the net longterm effect of having children positive". This seems curious at first sight, but his point is that the world economy might end in an unsustainable state as regards climate change and resource depletion.

The final "What to do" Chapter 10 contains an interesting analysis, along the lines of the "effective altruism" movement that the author has been involved with. Changing personal consumption has little effect, except perhaps for becoming vegetarian. Donating to charities carefully chosen to maximize good, political activism and "spreading good ideas" are recommended. Less familiar is the discussion of career choices -- what will be the overall effect of your 80,000 lifetime hours of work?

On the technical side (my own background is mathematical probability), the use of mathematical expectation (expected significance, expected contingency, expected persistence) in the context of rare events with major consequences is problematical. Especially in the context of trillions of potential future humans, where arguments come perilously close to inane arguments like the Simulation Hypothesis. Similarly, the quoted subjective estimates of probabilities of various catastrophes are very unreliable.

Finally, my only major criticism is that the author does not address the following rather obvious "elephant in the room" thought experiment. Imagine an engineered pandemic, designed to and succeeding in killing 95% of humans unselectively without destroying infrastructure. This would be psychologically be harmful to the survivors, but by the logic of longtermism would surely be A Good Thing, in that the subsequent few generations would be free of most of our current worries about climate change, nuclear war, etc, and have time to work toward the ideal future envisaged in this book. But would anyone really say in public that it would be a good act?

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Inge Holmes
Great and broad information.
Reviewed in the United States on May 6, 2025
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Very timely and well written.

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Alex Motor
A transformative look at our current reality
Reviewed in the United States on April 24, 2024
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A tattered manuscript sits before me, the weight of its potential pressing down like a star collapsing into a singularity. "What We Owe the Future" by William MacAskill – the title itself a stark counterpoint to the ephemeral headlines screaming from my digital newsfeed. As a free thinking individual, accustomed to sifting through words in search of buried truths, I can confidently say this book transcends mere prose. It's a lifeline cast into the churning abyss of time, a beacon illuminating the path towards humanity's potential apotheosis.

Imagine, if you will, a lone archaeologist unearthing a fragmented mirror from the ruins of a forgotten civilization. Each shard reflects a fractured glimpse of a forgotten era. This, I posit, is the myopic lens through which we view our own existence. We are consumed by the fleeting squabbles and triumphs of the present, oblivious to the vast tapestry of time stretching before us. But William MacAskill, with the meticulous hand of a master cartographer, unveils the map of our collective future – a future pregnant with both peril and unimaginable possibility.

The book reads like a frantic telegram from a marooned explorer, desperately warning of the storms that threaten to extinguish humanity's flickering flame. Existential threats, like engineered plagues or rogue AI, lurk on the horizon, potential tsunamis poised to drown our nascent civilization. Yet, amidst the sobering warnings, glimmers of hope emerge. We possess the potential, MacAskill argues, to become not just survivors, but architects of a future shimmering with technological marvels and boundless human flourishing.

Imagine a world where disease is a relic of the past, where we traverse the cosmos like celestial nomads, and where the number of potential future beings stretches into the unfathomable – a staggering responsibility that demands a radical shift in perspective.

This isn't some utopian fantasy spun from wishful thinking. The book delves into the practicalities of longtermism, a philosophy that urges us to view decisions not just through the myopic lens of the present, but through the grand telescope of millennia. Effective Altruism, a movement meticulously dissected within these pages, offers a tangible toolkit for translating longtermism from theory to action. Imagine a global crusade against climate change, a united front against existential threats, or a concerted effort to ensure the benevolent development of artificial intelligence. These aren't mere dreams, but the seeds we sow today for the verdant garden of tomorrow.

"What We Owe the Future" is not simply a book; it's a clarion call, a thundering drumbeat that echoes through the halls of complacency. It compels us to abandon the flickering candle of the present and embrace the blazing sun of longtermism. It's a call for a paradigm shift, a global awakening to the vast canvas of time upon which humanity's story is being written. In its pages lies the potential to rewrite our narrative, to transform from a species teetering on the precipice of oblivion to one that becomes a steward of a vibrant future. This book may very well be the Rosetta Stone of our time, a key that unlocks the door to a future where humanity thrives not just for years, but for eons. The choice, as MacAskill eloquently reminds us, is ours. Will we remain prisoners of the present, or will we become architects of a future that shimmers with the brilliance of a thousand suns? The answer, dear reader, lies within the pages of this transformative work.

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Nathaniel McCann
Excellent journey to a disappointing destination
Reviewed in the United States on September 18, 2022
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The author shares his nuanced and carefully thought-out analysis of what would make the future better. He is very pragmatic, realistic, and insightful. He makes many great points and by the end of the book you're likely to be eagerly awaiting the section on "what you can do."

What makes this book exceptional is that the author is so clear-eyed and grounded about the calculations that we need to make to ensure a better future. We've all encountered a lot of ideas on how the world might be made better, but rarely are they examined so carefully. These conclusions about what it means for worlds or actions to be good are backed up by evidence and reason, and as such are more valuable than what you've likely heard elsewhere.

But then you get to his suggestions for you how personally can best make the future better. I bought the book in the first place because I was hoping to hear some ideas on what we can do to improve the future. This section is the weakest part of the book, and honestly the only part of the book that isn't great. A lot of the suggestions are much too vague to be useful, while examples given require literally world-class talent, access to exclusive universities, or international fame.

Still, if you ignore the final chapter it is an excellent book. Don't expect much actionable information, but do expect a lot of interesting information and convincing, well-reasoned explanations of what "Good" means.

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Himanshu Bajpai
Very Well Researched and makes you think!
Reviewed in India on October 6, 2022
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Loved the book! It takes you to history, then talks about how important it is for us to make valuable decisions for a better future.

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Michael Townsend
I love this book
Reviewed in Australia on August 17, 2022
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I loved this book.

MacAskill entwines rigorous arguments with compelling metaphors to promote a profoundly important idea: we can make the future go better, and we should. It’s filled with rich, relevant and persuasive historical examples, grounding his philosophical arguments in the real world. It’s a book for people who are curious to learn, but also motivated to act — I strongly recommend it.

My full review and summary of what I learned, and the questions it made me ask, is available here:

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stonehenge_
It's difficult to make predictions, especially when they are about the future…
Reviewed in Germany on January 9, 2023
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Longtermism is an important idea, and MacAskill has to be lauded for promoting a perspective that could become crucial for the long-term survival of our civilization. This is a well written book with lots of interesting ideas, but ultimatively the overall argument lacks realism, making the conclusions less convincing than they could be.

The whole vision is based on a very reductionist / utilitarian worldview that puts too much (unwarrented) trust in the quantifiability of future outcomes. Life is inherently unpredictable, and even the best future AI will not be able to overcome the general knowledge problem that Hayek identified already in the 1940s.

Instead of futile attempts to calculate an inherantly uncertain future or the average wellbeing of humanity (!), true responsibility needs to be based on real behavioral change without the ‘instant’gratification of quantified rules and outcomes. Like another reviewer already stated, we owe the future more than an Arithmetic of Morality.

Nevertheless, the book is full of interesting ideas and food for thought.

Part 1 makes a strong and concinving case for longtermism. I fully agree that humanity behaves as an imprudent teenager while we are living in a pivotal moment in history

Part 2 talks about moral change and the significance, contingency and persistence of values. The case for a 'morally exploratory world' is well made, but looking at the current highly polarized political discourse I’d argue that we would benefit from a more tolerant attitude (instead of cancel culture) already today.

Part 3 discusses the 3 most important risks to society: besides full extinction (via an asteroid, a pandemic, nuclear war), or collapse (similar to the Roman empire) the author considers mere stagnation as an existential risk, too, given that current technologies are already sufficiently powerful to destroy the whole planet, but not yet powerful enough to help us safely avoiding such disaster. I'd argue though that behavioral change (which can be achieved - maybe even easier - in a stagnating society) is at least as important as technological progress.

Part 4 is the least convincing part of the book. The ‘population ethics’ championed here appears to be almost cartoon-like naïve. Also the next chapter - trying to quantify human happiness and progress, which is notoriously difficult - is not very persuasive. (While I appreciate the inclusion of non-human animals in the overall 'calculation', the bizarre conclusion that it might be better for wild animals to not exist at all clearly shows the limits of such quantitative approach.)

The last part is about taking action. Most recommendations here seem to be common sense though that do not really require the 'moral arithmetics' suggested in the earlier parts. Nevertheless, it is here - when discussing concrete (short- and medium-term) choices - where the quantitative approach can help making better decisions – e.g. when it comes to career choices. I wish MacAskill had used his arithmetics more for exposing some of the myths concerning greenwashing and - wishing in our consumption behavior.

Overall conclusion: it is good to have a long term perspective – not only for the planet, but also for a sense of purpose. That itself is an important message that is worth spreading. I'm less convinced by the optimization approaches, and I think it is in general healthy to stay away from bold visions that risk to turn into rigid and potentially dangerous ideologies.

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Läasvärd bok med välgrundade resonemang
Reviewed in Sweden on November 9, 2022
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Väldigt intressant och tänkvärt för framtiden. Köpte även som ljudbok vilken läses av författaren.

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Pietro
Sensacional
Reviewed in Brazil on January 23, 2023
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Um livro importantíssimo que detalha não só o que vai ser necessário que façamos nos próximos anos e decadas (e séculos), como também por quê deveríamos pra começo de conversa. Ele detalha os principais problemas no horizonte da humanidade, suas causas, suas consequências, e eventualmente suas possíveis soluções de uma maneira que não é excessivamente fixa no que atualmente sabemos - o autor sabe que muitas das certezas que temos atualmente podem vir a mudar num futuro próximo ou distante, e oferece uma visão mais ampla de acordo. Apesar do tom que se espera de um assunto assim, a mensagem principal do livro é otimista; ele toca bastante no assunto do altruismo efetivo, que deixa bem claro que há muito que podemos fazer para alterar essas trajetórias extremamente preocupantes, desde pequenas ações a escolhas de carreira.

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Amazingly thoughtful book for people who want to improve the world

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5.0 out of 5 stars Rational analysis of thinking and acting for the long term

4.0 out of 5 stars Great and broad information.

5.0 out of 5 stars A transformative look at our current reality

3.0 out of 5 stars Excellent journey to a disappointing destination

Top reviews from other countries

5.0 out of 5 stars Very Well Researched and makes you think!

5.0 out of 5 stars I love this book

3.0 out of 5 stars It's difficult to make predictions, especially when they are about the future…

5.0 out of 5 stars Läasvärd bok med välgrundade resonemang

5.0 out of 5 stars Sensacional

Rational analysis of thinking and acting for the long term

Great and broad information.

A transformative look at our current reality

Excellent journey to a disappointing destination

Very Well Researched and makes you think!

I love this book

It's difficult to make predictions, especially when they are about the future…

Läasvärd bok med välgrundade resonemang

Sensacional